The motherboard is the main board of your computer. It hosts:
1. processor – the main microcircuit that performs arithmetic and logical operations – the brain of a computer. The processor consists of cells, similar to the cells of random access memory, but in these cells data can not only be stored, but also changed. The internal cells of the processor are called registers . Some of the registers are command ones, that is, those that perceive data as commands that control the processing of data in other registers. By controlling the transfer of data to different registers, you can control the processing of data.
The execution of programs is based on this. The processor is connected to the rest of the devices by several groups of conductors called buses . There are three main buses: the data bus, the address bus and the command bus .The address bus consists of 32 parallel wires (32-bit). The addresses of the RAM cells are transmitted along it. A processor is connected to it to copy data from the OP cell to one of its registers. The copy itself takes place over the data bus .
In modern computers, it is usually 64-bit, i.e. 8 bytes are processed simultaneously. On the command bus, commands are transmitted from the area of the memory in which the programs are stored. Most modern computers have a 32-bit command bus, but there are already 64-bit ones.
2. The main characteristics of the processor are bit width, clock frequency and cache memory . The bit depth indicates how many bits of information the processor can process at one time (one clock cycle). The clock speed determines the number of clock cycles per second, for example, for a processor performing about 3 billion clock cycles per second, the clock speed is 3 GHz / sec. Data exchange within the processor is faster than with RAM. In order to reduce the number of calls to the OP, a buffer area is created inside the processor – the cache memory. Receiving data from the OP, the processor simultaneously writes it to the cache memory. On subsequent calls, the processor looks for data in the cache memory. The more cache memory, the faster the computer runs.
3. microprocessor set (chipset ) – a set of microcircuits that control the operation of internal devices and determine the main functionality of the motherboard.
4. buses – sets of conductors through which signals are exchanged between internal devices.
5. RAM – a set of microcircuits designed for temporary storage of data Random access memory (RAM) is an array of cells capable of storing data. memory can be dynamic or static. Dynamic memory cells can be represented in the form of microcapacitors that store an electric charge. Dynamic memory is the main random access memory of a computer. Static memory cells are triggers – elements in which not a charge is stored, but a state (on / off). This type of memory is faster, but also more expensive and is used in the so-called. cache memory designed to optimize processor performance. RAM is located on standard panels (modules, rulers). Modules are inserted into special connectors on the motherboard.
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6. ROM – read only memory. When the computer is turned on, its RAM is empty. But the processor needs commands to start working. Therefore, immediately after switching on, the start address is set on the address bus. This happens in hardware. This address points to the ROM. The ROM contains “hardwired” programs that are written there when creating ROM chips and form the base input-output system (BIOS – Base Input / Output System). The main purpose of this package is to check the composition and operability of the basic configuration of the computer and to provide interaction with the keyboard, monitor, hard disk and floppy disk drive.
7. connectors for connecting additional internal devices (slots).